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When this NT source is seriously limited, fish might be under the minimum NT requirements, especially in fast growing life stages of carnivorous species. NT are naturally present in organic ingredients, and among them FM is known to be one of the highest NT sources. NT are organic molecules involved in many life-supporting pathways, and are the building blocks of NA, which stand as genetic repositories. Among them, nucleotides (NT) and nucleic acids (NA) drew attention for their application in the last two decades. Nowadays functional ingredients have a significant potential for improving current low fish meal (FM) aquafeed formulation in sustaining growth and enhancing animal robustness for Mediterranean aquaculture.

1Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy.

This is because the two strands are also antiparallel (they run in opposite directions), as mentioned in the previous slide.Nicole Francesca Pelusio 1, Luca Parma 1*, Enrico Volpe 1, Sara Ciulli 1, Francesca Errani 1, Silvia Natale 1, Alessandra De Cesare 1, Valentina Indio 1, Paolo Carcano 2, Oliviero Mordenti 1, Pier Paolo Gatta 1 and Alessio Bonaldo 1 Once you figure out the direction in which one strand is read, you automatically know the direction in which to read the other strand. This slide shows how the carbons in the sugars are numbered, to help you determine which ends is 5', and which is 3'.

The 5' and 3' designations refer to the number of carbon atom in a deoxyribose sugar molecule to which a phosphate group bonds. One end is referred to as 5' (five prime) and the other end is referred to as 3' (three prime). More: DNA is 'read' in a specific direction, just like letters and words in the English language are read from left to right. Sources: image from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Genetic Illustrations ĭefinition from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Thymine, and guanine always pairs with cytosine. In base pairing, adenine always pairs with Stand for the chemicals adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, In DNA, the code letters are A, T, G, and C, which The bases are the "letters" that spell out the

Of sugar, a molecule of phosphoric acid, and a moleculeĬalled a base.